Good bugs, bad bugs

Sixty years ago, antibiotics were almost completely unknown.

It was in 1921 that Alexander Fleming first “discovered” penicillin by observing some mould growth, but the active substance was not isolated until 1939. Australian Howard Florey and German-born Ernst Chain set about preparing a substance sufficiently pure to effectively treat infected wounds.

Mass production began in 1943 and by 1944, there was enough penicillin to supply all the Allied armies.

Such a miracle medicine was the forerunner of many developed to prevent, treat and cure infectious disease.

However, it now seems the bad bugs are beginning to get the upper hand again. As each year passes more bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics.

Just what antibiotic resistance is all about and how we can help rather than add to the problem, is explained in a new fact card available from pharmacies around Australia providing the Self Care health information.

The success of antibiotics depends on their ability to kill or halt the growth of harmful bacteria. When antibiotics are not used properly – maybe overused, or sometimes underused – the bacteria causing the infection become stronger. These superbugs resist the effect of the antibiotics; they multiply and the infection spreads.

Resistance to antibiotics is not new. It was first described in the mid 1950s, not long after the use of penicillin became widespread.

Initially antibiotic resistance appeared to be a problem only in hospitals, but it is now clear that it also has a significant impact in the wider community.

So what does this mean for us? Well, most likely more visits to the doctor, a longer illness, the need for more toxic drugs and, in some cases, even death.

Antibiotics are not solely used in human health. There is extensive use in the agricultural and horticultural industries. Nevertheless, there is a lot we can do to reduce the threat of antibiotic resistance.

First and foremost, we should realise antibiotics only work against bacteria. Most coughs, colds, sore throats and runny noses are caused by viruses, not bacteria. Antibiotic treatment will not be effective. Some cold-like symptoms are caused not by “bugs” but by an allergic reaction – ask your pharmacist to help you tell the difference.

Secondly, if a bacterial infection is suspected or confirmed and you are prescribed antibiotics, make sure you finish the course. A partly completed course of antibiotics can lead to partly resistant bacteria which remain and multiply. The infection can return, perhaps weeks later, requiring a different or stronger medicine to treat it. And you’ve simply become a part of the antibiotic resistance problem.

Of course, don’t use antibiotics remaining from old prescriptions without your doctor’s advice; and never share antibiotics with family or friends.

There are also ways to help prevent the spread of infections without the use of antibiotics. If you have an infection, or you are caring for someone with an infection, wash your hands thoroughly and often. Good hygiene is essential. And make sure your immunisations, and those of your children, are up-to-date.

Remember, for maximum benefit all medicines must be taken wisely. This is especially true for antibiotics where misuse could lead to a catastrophe – infections that can’t be controlled.

For more information about antibiotics, ask for the Antibiotics Fact Card at any of our stores.
© Pharmaceutical Society of Australia 22 October 2003